Analysis Study Of Colonial Discourse In Literature

Analysis Study Of Colonial Discourse In Literature Colonial discourse has been defined by many writers such as Diniz (1996:126) who points out hat Colonial discourse usually refers to the writing which runs from five hundred years, through the days of European mercantile expansion, to our own time (1996:126). This definition suggests that the era of Colonialism in literature began in the 17th C. with the publication of Shakespeares The Tempest (1611-12). In this paper, however, the term is used to refer to the literature written in English, but confined to the century of British Colonialism and the decades of anti- or post colonial activity which followed. Saids Orientalism (1978) uses the concept of colonial discourse to re-order the study of colonialism. So it can be said to inaugurate a new kind of study of colonialism. Saids Orientalism examines how the East, including the Middle East, is represented in the history and the literature written by the West. The West always looks at the East as inferior people without religion or morals. Saids projecttries to show how knowledge about the non-Europeans was part of the process of maintaining power over them. In short, Orientalism is primarily concerned with how the Orient was constructed by Western Literature and not with how such construction was received by colonial subjects. It examines the Western attitudes toward the East. Said concludes that the Western writers depict the Orient as irrational, week and feminised other. This depiction can be contrasted with the depiction of the West as rational, strong and masculine. Saids Culture and Imperialism (1994) Colonial discourse is a concept popularized by Edward Said. In this paper, it refers also to the knowledge of Africa constructed by the West (colonial writers: as Defoe and Conrad) to bolster its colonizing interests, and the reaction of the East (colonized writers as: Achebe). Colonial discourse has not been the product of a certain age and it has attracted the attention of several writers and critics. Those celebrated authors as Conrad and Defoe created remarkable works out of the subject of Colonialism. Nowadays, Colonial discourse is one of the most current issues in literary criticism. 1.2. Life and Works of Defoe, Conrad and Achebe 1.2.1. Life and Works of Defoe: Danial Defoe was born about 1660 in London. His father, James Foe, was poor but hard working butcher. Defoe was not able to attend traditional institutions like Oxford and Cambridge because of his fathers opposition. Defoe is often considered the father of English novel. He is a master of simple prose and powerful narrative with a love of realistic detail. He is a great imaginative writer who creates one of the most familiar resonant myths of modern literature. He is influenced by the writings of Addison, Steel and Swift. Defoes important works are: Robinson Crusoe (1719), Moll Flanders (1722), Capitan Singleton (1720) and The History of Peter the Great and Colonel Jack (1722). Defoe died in London on April 24, 1731. 1.2.2. Life and Works of Conrad Joseph Conrad was born in December 3, 1857. His childhood was affected by his homelands struggle for independence. He is a Polish novelist and short story writer. Conrad is one of the English languages greatest stylists. He becomes one of the greatest writers in the world. His major works include Heart of Darkness (1902), Lord Jim (1900), The Secret Agent (1907), Under the Western Eyes (1911) and Nostrome (1904). He died of heart failure on August 3, 1924. 1.2.3. Life and Works of Achebe Chinua Achebe was born in Ogidi in eastern Nigeria on November 16, 1930. His parents instill in him many of the values of their traditional culture. He is one of most well-known post colonial writers. He has become renewed as a father of modern African literature. After publishing Things Fall Apart, he became one of the founders of the new Nigerian literature. Achebes important novels are: Things fall Apart (1959), No Longer at Ease (1960), Arrow of God (1964) and A Man of people (1966). His novels are primarily directed to an African audience, but their psychological insights have gained them universal acceptance. His education in English allows him to capture both the European and the African perspectives on colonial expansion, race, religion and culture. 1.3. The Relevance of the Study There are many writers who have tackled the concept of colonialism in their works. It is customary to read Shakespeares The Tempest as the first important major work to present colonial discourse: the way the colonizer and the colonized portrayed in the characters of Prospero and Caliban. In The Tempest, Shakespeares major addition to the story is to make the island inhabited before Prosperos arrived. That single addition turns the adventure story into an allegory of the colonial encounter. There are two ways of representing colonialism in literature. The first one is represented by the colonizers point of view; the European writers. Those colonial writers are Shakespeare, Defoe, Conard and J.M. Cotezee. Those writers have written plays and novels which deal with the theme of colonialism as Defoes with the them of colonialism as Defoes Robinson Crusoe (1719), Corads Heart of Darkness (1902), Carys Mister Johnson ( ) and Cotezees Foe (1986). Those writers give a negative picture of Africa in particular and the East in general. Africans are depicted as primitrue, savages, uncivilized, inferior and ignorant. As a result of this negative representation of Africa in particular and the East, including the Middle East, which is seen as sub-human in general several critics criticized this subject. Among the critics who criticized this subject are Edward Said, Achebe and other African critics like Ngugiwa, Chinwerza and Nkruma. Those African critics provide a theoritcal frame work to examine the representation of the colonized in the literature produced by the writers belonging to the countries of the colonizer. They have re-written the representation of the colonized from non-Euro. centric perspective. So their writing is a mean of re-writing the history, the culture from their cultural perspective which is called Afro-centric point of view. Saids Orientalism(1978) one of the first works which examines how the East, including the Middle East, is represented in the history and the literature written by the West. The West always looks at the East as an inferior people without religion or morals. Saids projects tries to show how knowledge about the non-European was part of the process of maintaining power over them. It also examines the Western attitudes toward the East. In short, Orientalism is primarily concerned with how the Orient was constructed by Western literature and not how such construction was received by colonial subjects. Said concludes that the Western writers depict the Orient as irrational, weak and feminized other. This depiction can be contrasted with the depiction of the West as rational, strong and masculine. Saids Culture and Imperialism (1994) is another work to explain the complex and the ongoing relationships between the East and the West, the colonizer and the colonized, the white and the black. Said specifically addresses the way in which subjugated people are represented within literature and how it has affected not only these people but also the cultures in which they live. Achebes Things Fall Apart (1959) is one of the first books to represent the African image from an Afro-centric perspective. This novel is always seen as a response to the image created by Conrad and Cary. In this novel, Achebe writes the story of colonization of the Ibo society from an African point of view. In his essay An Image of Africa: Racism in Heart of Darkness, Achebe views that Conrads treatment of native Africans in Heart of Darkness as racist. Achebe focuses on Conrads treatment of Africa as an other world, an antithesis at Europe and therefore at civilization (9th. In Achebe, 3). Achebe specifically criticizes Conrads racism which is expressed through the choice of words, ignorance, fiction, comparison and imagery of the writer. Achebe argues that the choice of words Conrad uses is very limited. He repeats words like inscrutable and frenzy too many times and at several occasions. Conrad changes these for their synonyms. (Ibid). According to him, the image of darkness pointed in the book is just the stereotyped view of Europeans towards African as whole. Achebe believes that Conrad is just pleasing the readers by telling them what they want to hear. In his conclusion, Achebe calls Conrad a bloody racist who mock both African land and African people. 1.4. The Method of the Study This term paper is based on an analytical method. The analysis includes the themes, the characters and the techniques of each novel. Chapter II: 2.1. The Purpose of the Study The principle aims of this research are as follows: To examine the them of colonialism and how its consequences are reflected through Defoes Robinson Crusoe, Conrads Heart of Darkness and Achebes Things fall Apart. To examine how three different writers of two different cultures, races, countries and religions represent the colonizer and the colonized in these three novels. To compare and contrast literary pieces written from the point of view of European imperialists and the African/colonized perspectives. To compare and contrast these two negative and positive representations of the colonized (Africa) [both as land and people] as it was presented in these three novels. 2.2. The Significance/ Importance of the Study Chapter III: section 1 (Defoes Robinson Crusoe) 3.1.1. Plot Summary of Defoes Robinson Crusoe from the perspective of Colonial Discourse Defoes Robinson Crusoe (1719) takes place in the second half of the 17thC. when European companies vied for control and exploitation of colonized lands around the world. Crusoe, the central character, appears to represent his imperialist spirit: first when he goes to Guniea, next when he travels to Brazil and opens plantation, and finally when he becomes king of an island. Crusoe colonizes the island by building houses, taking Friday as his servant after meeting him and refereeing to the mountaineers as his subjects. 3.1.2. Understanding Colonialism in Defoes Robinson Crusoe: Analysis of the Theme and the Characters Defoes Robinson Crusoe (1719) was written when the people of the 18thC. were traveling abroad, discovering new lands and spreading Christianity. They were colonizing lands and imposing their culture and language there. The powerful nation controls the economy, and the territory of a week country. Africa was one of the main colonies of the British Empire and the British were at the centre of power whereas the Other were at the margin of power. In other words, the colonizer suppressed the Other, his language and his culture too. Robinson Crusoe is the second important work to present colonial discourse; the way the colonizer and the colonized are portrayed in the figures/ characters of Crusoe, Friday, non whiteman, and Xury, a servant of Crusoe. The roles of Crusoe, Friday, Xury and the mountaineers have been discussed in terms of rules and subjects in close connection to the treatment of those people by Crusoe. Defoes Robinson Crusoe is often read in modern times as an allegory of colonialism, and there is much in the last chapters to defend this view. Fridays subjection, servitude and submission to Crusoe reflects colonial race relations (Defoe: 185). This is clear when Crusoe thinks that he is helping Friday by making him his servant. Moreover, Colonial terms appear when dealing with the host he mountaineers. Crusoe and the Captain terrify them by referring to a fictional governor of the island who will punish Hem severely. This fiction of governor for shadows the very governor who will no doubt be installed on the island eventually. Because Crusoe has claimed the territory for England. Indeed, Crusoe refers to this community as my colony in the island, which makes us, the readers, wander whether he really consider it his own or it is officially a colony or figuratively so. As the novel sheds light upon the theme of colonialism, the reader observes the way the colonizer and the colonized are portrayed in it. In the novel, Crusoe, the central character, is the representative of colonialism whereas Friday is the symbol of the subjects races. Friday is instructed, given language and converted to Christianity, Crusoes religion. Crusoes instructions on Friday are examples of his attitudes towards human beings who he trained to do his work. As a colonizer, Crusoe wants to spread his religion. He refers to Christianity and to the Bible in order to convert Friday to Christianity. Crusoe teaches Friday the word master even before teaching him yes or no and lets him know that was to be Crusoes name (Defoe:185). Crusoe refers to himself as king over the natives and Europeans, who are his subjects. Moreover, Friday is an example of the self and the other. Crusoe instructs him, gives him language, in order to help him to run his Empire on the island. He is an example of the Other because he is only servant. Pennycook suggest that Colonialism is probably the context without equal of contractions of Self and Other (2002:10). We can observe the process of this construction in the dialogues between Crusoe and Friday: Master: Well, Friday, and what does your nation do with the men they take? Do they carry them a way and eat them, as these did? Friday: yes, my nation eat mans up too; eat all up. (Defoe: P.192). In such dialogues, we can see the relationship not only between Self and Other as constructed by colonialism but also between these and English. Friday has been given a very particular, colonizing English words to expenses his cultural background, besides his speaking in Crusoes own language. Phillispsons discussion (1992) of Crusoes lessons to Friday is one of the earliest instances of English linguistic imperialism which he calls as the locus-classical of the start of English linguistic imperialism to Crusoe, and he has no right to disobey him. Phillipson states that Crusoes-Fridays relationship reflects the racial structure of Western society at the hey day of slavery (P.109). Phillipson sees Crusoe as the epitome of imperialist slavery, i.e. a key figure in the European attempt to gain political and economic mastery over the large areas of the world. According to Brantlinger, what Crusoe cants master- or get to call him master- he sees only as savagery and desert island. (1990:P.2). Crusoes relationship with Friday comes in several layers. At one point in the novel, Crusoe refers to Fridays people as blinded, ignorant pagans (Defoe:170). The relationship between them is like that between Crusoe and Xury. Earlier, Crusoe has told Xury that if he will be faithful to him, he will make him a great man. As soon as the Captain offers 60 pieces of gold for Exury, Crusoe accepts it and sells him for the sake of economic gain. Crusoe stands for the colonizer who occupies the other countries under the pretext that he educates and develops the nation. Crusoe, as a colonizer, changes Fridays language, religion, habits, culture and even his name. This is how the colonizer imposes his own language, religion, culture and identity on the occupied nations. The banishment of Fridays religions beliefs emphasizes the colonization theme. Crusoes attitude towards Friday is reflected in his description. His attitude is that of a master-servant. He requires a complete subservience and faith fullness from Friday. Crusoe looks upon Friday as a creature when he will care for, giving him water, food and clothing. Crusoe does not even try to learn Friday actual name which shows the European supremacy theme in the novel. Crusoe gives Friday his name as he has done with his parrot, Poll. Regarding the Euro-centric attitude of the time, Defoe ensures that Friday is not Crusoes equal in the novel. Friday is clearly a servant and inferior in rank, power and respect. Crusoes vocabulary reveals much about how he imagines his role on the island. He starts to describe himself as generalissimo of an army with Friday as his lieutenant-general. At the very opening of the novel, he is a mere castaway but towards the end, he openly refers to himself as a national leader of military forces. We sense how deeply ingrained Crusoes imagined national role as a king of this island when he refers to his new guests as his subjects. Friday is probably the first non white character to be given a realistic, individualized and human portrayal in the English novel. Friday has a huge literary and cultural importance. If Crusoe represents the first colonial mind in fiction, then Friday represents not only a Caribbean tribes man but also all the natives of Asia, Africa, and America who would later be oppressed in the age of European colonialism. When Crusoe teaches Friday to call him master, Friday becomes an enduring political symbol of racial injustice in modern world and critical of imperialist expansion. Recent rewritings of the story of Crusoe, like Cotezees Foe and Tourniers Friday, emphasize the consequences of Crusoes failure to understand Friday and suggest how the tales might be told very different from the natives perspective. In any case, Crusoe has turned his story of one mans survival into a political tale replete with its own ideas about imperialism. In short, it is not surprising that contemporary readers regard Defoes novel as the prototypical colonial novel of the 18thC. if not in all of English literature. To conclude, this novel is not only a reflection of colonialist practices, but part of large discourse concerned with the colonial customs of the British Empire. 3.1.3. Analysis of the Narrative Techniques in Defoes Robinson Crusoe Defoe combines many narrative methods in Robinson Crusoe to make the novel authentic and realistic. These techniques are narration (point of view), the use of irony, attention to details, symbols and the use of dates and names of places. Robinson Crusoe is both the narrator and the main character of the novel. He narrates the story in both the first and the third person, presenting only what he himself observes. He describes his feelings occasionally but only when they are over whelming. He usually favors a more factual narrative style focused on actions and events. Another important narrative device is the use of symbols and irony. As for the symbols, the author uses three symbols like the foot print, the cross and the bower. The foot print stands for Crusoes conflicted feelings about human companionship in whole he interprets it negatively as the print of all the devil. The cross symbolizes Crusoes new existence on the island and the power stands for the radical improvement in Crusoes attitude toward his time on the island. As for the irony, it is a literary device for Defoe. There are several examples of its use in the novel, but the best example are the discovery of the foot print and the warning of Crusoes father. First, Crusoe ignores his fathers advice; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦if he goes abroad, he will be the most miserable wretch that was ever born, (Defoe. P.4) Second, Crusoe wishes for human beings to come because he was alone, but when he sees the foot print of a naked man, he is afraid. Crusoe comments on this irony: How strange a checker work of providence is the life of a manà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Today we love what tomorrow we hate; today we seek what tomorrow we shun; today we desire what tomorrow we fear. (Defoe: P140). The third narrative technique is the use of a circumstantial method which tells us not only what Crusoe did but how he did it. There are numerous examples of the uses of details such as Crusoes project in raising of the crops of barley and rice on the island, killing the gouts and making a sieve, and the description of the ship wrecks and Crusoes adventures. Such details produce the effect of realism. The last method is the use of dates and geographical place-names. All of these devices add to the realistic effect of the novel. Chapter Three: Section Three: Achebes Things Fall Apart 3.3.1. Plot Summary of Things Fall Apart from the perspective of Colonial Discourse. Achebes Things Fall Apart (1959) traces the life in the Ibo village of Umuofia just before and after its initial contact with European colonialists and their Christian religion. The novel is divided into three parts: the first part deals with the life of the Ibo people before the arrival of the while man, illustrating various aspects of Ibos way of life. The second part deals with Okonkwos exile and the arrival of the missionaries and the effect of their arrival, including the conversation of Nwoye to Christianity. The third part deals with the effects of the white mans religion, education, power, laws and economics on the tribes culture. The first signs of colonization come to Abame when the first white man appears. He is killed by the people of Abame on the order of the Oracle who tells them that the white man would be soon followed by others and he would destroy their way of life. As a result, the village has been destroyed by other white men. During Okonkwos exile, the white man comes to both Umuofia and Mbanta and wins many converts. When Okonkwo returns to Umuofia, he finds that life begins to change. Therefore, he stands up to the colonizers in an attempt to protect his culture. When he kills a British messenger, Okonkwo realizes that he stands alone, and he hangs himself. 3.3.2. Understanding Colonialism in Things Fall Apart: Analysis of the Theme and the Characters Achebes Things Fall Apart relates the story of disintegration falling apart of an African society that came in contact with Western values as a result of the colonization. The novel explores the coming of the white man and its effects on the culture of the people of Umuofia. The coming of the white man brought about culture conflict which affects the people of Umuofias religion, their agriculture, their judicial system and their social life. The collapse of a society that was strongly united is told through the story of Okonkwo and the village Umuofia. The novel shows the general disintegration of this culture when it is attacked by another culture. The incursion of the colonizer is changing every aspect of the Ibo society such as religion, family structure, gender roles, relations and trade. The colonizers bring language, religion, education, commerce, government and law to Umuofia which are unquestionably disruptive. Okonkwo, the representative of the Ibo culture, realizes that the white man has been too successful in his ways to change the tribes ways. He grieves the loss of his tribe and the life he once knew. Okonkwo feels betrayed by his son who joins the white missionaries and his à ©lan who have not stood up against the white intruders. The arrival of the white man and his culture heralds the death of the Ibo culture. The while man does not honor the tribes customs and strives to convince the tribes men that their ways are better. As a result of colonialism, the tribe is split, pitting brother against brother and father against son. Many of the tribes leaders have joined the missionaries and the tribal beliefs and customs are being ignored. Okonkwos final act of resistance exemplifies how Africans and other colonized people have courageously resisted colonialism instead of passively accepting it. In Things Fall Apart, the representatives of the colonizer are Mr. Brown, Mr. Smith and the District commissioner and the colonized are Okonkwo and the entire Ibo society. Achebe gives the reader a dramatic contrast between the first white missionary Mr. Brown and Mr. Smith who replaces him. As his name suggests, Mr. Brown is able to navigate successfully the racial division between the colonizer and the colonized. Mr. Brown appears reasonable, respectful, kind, patient and an open-minded man who is willing to make effort to respect and understand the Ibo beliefs. Mr. Brown succeeds in winning a large number of converts because he listens to the villagers stories, beliefs, and opinions. He be friends many great men of the à ©lan and discusses religious beliefs with them. He accepts the converts unconditionally. Mr. Brown is the most influential character in the novel who does not encourage the conflict between the old and the new faith. Mr. Brown realizes that the direct attack with Ibo is useless. Therefore, he adapts a very clever policy by building a school, hospital and finally a church. Achebe states: In this way Mr. Brown learnt a good deal about the religion of the à ©lan and he came to the conclusion that a fro natal attack on it would not success. (Achebe: 163). Then he asks the people to send their children to the school and argues that the leaders of Umuofia will be men and women who can read and write. It is Mr. Brown who warns them that strangers like the District commissioner will come from other places to rule them. Actually, Mr. Brown is a man who loves peace and respects the traditional culture. So there was no conflict between the Ibo culture and the Western culture during his period. He has a real interest in the welfare of the Ibo people. As an individual, he is a good representative of his society. Mr. Brown stands for the bright side of the colonizer. Another representative of the colonizer is Reverend Smith who replaces Mr. Brown as the new head of the Christian Church. Mr. Smith is strict and uncompromising, the opposite of Mr. Brown who was kind and compassionate. Unlike Mr. brown, Mr. Smith encourages people to hate the traditional people and their religion. Mr. Smith is the stereotypical white colonist. He has no respect for the culture or the traditions of the Ibo. Mr. Smith remains ignorant of all the traditions and therefore has no hope of being respected enough. Mr. Smith thinks he is superior and others are inferior. Mr. Smith sees things as black and white and black [is] evil. (Achebe: 166). Smiths black and white thinking leads to the destruction of the church and the clash between both cultures. As a result of this new missionary, the Christians attack the Ibo belief and culture and insult the tribes traditional customs. One of their victims Okonkwo, whose return co-insides with the arrival of Mr. Smith, the new faith divide father from son. Smiths policy and treatment of the Ibo people show that the colonialist system is more primitive than the Ibo system. The District Commissioner is another figure of the colonizer. He seems more inhuman because he takes interest in Okonkwos suicide only because it will give him a new material for his book. He decides to title his book The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of the Lower Niger. This decision demonstrates his knowledge about African as primitive and his inability to recognize how he has brought violence instead of peace to the Lower Niger. By concluding his novel with the District Commissioners misinterpretation and misinterpretation writing of the scene of colonial encounter, Achebe suggests that his novel is not simply about the colonial encounter between two different cultures. By drawing the attention to the District Commissioners erroneous sense of history. Achebe reminds the realer that the Western descriptions of Africa have largely been written by men like the District Commissioner. Consequently, Things Fall Apart seek to correct such erroneous historical records by retelling African history from an African perspective. In brief, Achebes Things Fall Apart illustrates what happened to the Ibo society at the time of its colonization by the British and how the colonialism affects the Ibo in many different ways; their religion, family, children and their dead. Achebe describes what happens when different cultures works against each other. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Now he [the white man] has won our brothers, and our clan can no longer act like one. He has put a knife on the things that held us tpgether and we have Fallen apart. (Achebe: 160). In this lines Oberika seems to voice Achebes own thought on colonialism. Okonkwos suicide at the end of the novel represents the end of the Clans ancient way of life because he represents the clansman. 3.3.3. Analysis of the Narrative Techniques in Achebes Things Fall Apart Achebe uses a number of techniques un Things Fall Apart such as the mixture between English language and Ibo vocabularies, use of proverbs and folk tales, symbolism, use of similes and metaphors, comparisons and contrasts and the shift from present tense to past and again to present. The first method that Achebe uses is to develop a hybrid language that mixes Ibo and English words by introducing numerous African terms thought the novel like Chie (personal God-Fate), Obi (hut), Agbala (a man without title) and Osu (outcast). Achebe uses English language as a model of communication between people and to convince the Europeans that Nigeria is a nation with great potential. Achebe uses his language to draw the readers attention to his own language. Another important method is the use if Ibo proverbs as well as traditional folk tales which bring to life the oral culture of Ibo and indicate their intelligence, knowledge, morals, the strong religion and the culture of the country. Early in the novel, Achebe says: if a child washed his hands, he could eat with the kings. Referring to Okonkwo (Achebe:8). This implies that if Nigerians washed their hands, the country could be just as important as Britian. The third method is Achebes use of similes and metaphors to bring the narrative to life and his use of different kinds of comparisons that are related to the Ibo experience as proverbs are the palm oil with which words are eaten. (Achebe: 6). The novel is developed in terms of comparison and contrast between the characters like the comparisons between father and son; Unoka and Okonkwo and between friends like Nwoye and Ikemefuna, Unoka and Okoye Oberika and Okonkwo. Fourth, Achebe provides considerable detail about many aspects of traditional African life like family and clan relation, ceremonies and rituals, social structure (gender relations), political and religions practices and the role of nature in their world. This digression helps the reader to understand the daily activities and religious beliefs of the Ibo people. Achebe shifts from present to past then to present while describing the events and the characters. The best method is the narrative voice. May critics see Things fall Apart as a book with two narrative voices: the traditional which dominates the first two/third of the book, and the modern which takes over the last third. Other critics see the book as narrated by a single narrator, whose tone changes and adopts overtime. The narrator mediates between the individual and the community, between the present and the past. All the previous devices make the novel authentic and realistic. 3.3.4. Comparisons and Contrasts between these three texts Conrads Heart of Darkness, Defoes Robinson Crusoe and Acheb

Knowledge Of Biomechanical Restrictions Ankle Health And Social Care Essay

The knee bend is a often used exercising in the strength and conditioning community and is regarded as an first-class manner to develop the lower limb muscular structure. This is in no little portion down to the biomechanical and neuromuscular similarities that the knee bend exercising has in relation to many athletic motions ( Escamilla et al. , 2001 ) . The knee bend is besides used in many rehabilitation protocols as it is a closed kinetic concatenation exercising ( Escamilla et al. , 1998 ; Stuart, Meglan, Lutz, Growney, & A ; An, 1996 ) where the distal section is fixed ( Yack, Collins, & A ; Whieldon, 1993 ) . The knee bend is besides a mention point for most strength and conditioning managers when measuring maximum lower limb strength and this is besides the instance in competitory power-lifting and weightlifting ( Escamilla, Fleisig, Lowry, Barrentine, & A ; Andrews, 2001 ) . Squat preparation has been shown to correlate strongly with improved sprinting, perpendicular leap an d other athletic abilities ( Wisloff, Castagna, Helgerud, Jones, & A ; Hoff, 2004 ; CHELLY et al. , 2009 ) and so strength and conditioning managers would be wise to proliferate good motion in this exercising. It is non merely in athletic preparation that the knee bend should be regarded as of import but besides in mundane life because the specificity of the crouching motion to undertakings such as picking up immature kids and bundles is innately similar, as are infinite other avocations and undertakings ( Schonefield, 2010 ) intending the ability to crouch allows people to retain functional independency in life. During chunky public presentation the mortise joint articulation contributes considerable support and helps to bring forth the important degrees of power required for this motion ( Hung & A ; Gross, 1999 ) . Besides failing or instability at the mortise joint has antecedently been implicated in the generation of defective motion forms during the knee bend happening specifically that failing of the gastrocnemius, tibialis front tooth or buttocks may increase likeliness of both foot pronation gesture and so diminishing the ability to command articulatio genus valgus ( Bell, Padua, & A ; Clark, 2008 ) . However it was noted by Schonefield ( 2010 ) that the degree of kinematic informations on the mortise joint articulation and its importance to the crouching motion is scarce. Most writers have decided to concentrate their attendings on the biomechanics of the spinal column, hip or articulatio genus composite during crouching undertakings ( Schonefield, 2010 ) and so some recommendations will be made within this paper for future research. The incidence of ankle hurt in athletics is highest in tribunal and squad athleticss such as rugger, football, hoops and volleyball ( Fong, 2007 ) . A systematic reappraisal paper by Fong ( 2007 ) looked at 227 surveies that had detailed ankle hurt rates across 70 different athleticss over a 28 twelvemonth period and found that in athleticss hurts the mortise joint was the 2nd most injured organic structure site after the articulatio genus ( Fong, 2007 ) . The chief constituents that encompass the mortise joint are the superior tibiofibular articulation and the talo-crural articulation. The superior tibiofibular articulation ( STFJ ) is prone to locking when it is working as portion of a kinetic concatenation and this can take to stop scope restrictions of talocrural dorsiflexion ( Phelps, James, & A ; Matthijs, 2003 ) . The talo-crural articulation ( appendix 1 ) which passively dorsiflexes up to 30Â ° and plantar flexes up to 50Â ° is made up of the talar dome resting on the roof of the mortice, which is junction of the shinbone, calf bone and median and sidelong malleoli. Talocrural dorsiflexion is seen as normal between 11Â ° and 25 Â ° and inflexible between 4.3Â ° and 11.2Â ° ( mention this please ) . The mortise joint composite besides has a huge web of back uping ligaments and sinews and in entire the mortise joint and pes contains 26 castanetss. In order to crouch the metatarsals will dorsiflex and kidnap as the mortise joint goes into dorsiflexion and so follows subtalar joint abduction doing calcaneal eversion which leads to internal rotary motion of the shinbone and thighbone making knee flexure and therefore motion in the sagittal plane. The flexibleness of the calf musculus composite will restrict the sum of dorsiflexion attained, which in bend bounds the remainder of the concatenation or causes compensations someplace else. The induction of a squatting motion is thought to happen from a muscular response that initiate hip and knee flexure along with ankle dorsiflexion to interrupt unsloped position ( Dionisio, Almeida, Duarte, & A ; Hirata, 2008 ) . At this point an automatic response of the tibialis anterior additions ankle joint dorsiflexion torsion and disrupts the postural equilibrium ( Cheron, Bengoetxea, Pozzo, Bourgeois, & A ; Draye, 1997 ) . At this point moderate gastrocnemius activity has been observed appare ntly to command the degree of dorsiflexion at the mortise joint ( Dahlkvist, Mayo, & A ; Seedhom, 1982 ; Escamilla et al. , 2001 ; Escamilla et al. , 1998 ) contending the theory that the musculus is eccentrically controlling dorsiflexion. This theory nevertheless may non keep true due to the fact that the gastrocnemius is a biarticular musculus and may so shorten at the articulatio genus whilst lengthening at the mortise joint and frailty versa for the ascent stage ( Escamilla, 2001 ) . Indeed gastrocnemius activity has been found to be comparatively low in crouching motions and is highest at near to top out knee flexure ( Donnelly, Berg, & A ; Fiske, 2006 ) which correlates with the fact that the gastrocnemius force arm extremum at this point ( Escamilla et al. , 2001 ) . Ankle angular speeds have been seen to be reasonably low and rather changeless throughout both the acclivity and descent stages of the knee bend ( Escamilla et al. , 2001 ) . Stance is an of import factor in crouching public presentation and muscular enlisting forms and no clear victor has been found in the race to domination with foot place even in the powerlifting universe. Escamilla et Al ( 2001 ) examined how 3 differing stances affected joint minute and angular speeds utilizing a 3 dimensional biomechanical analysis but besides comparing against a 2-D theoretical account, happening important differences in wider stances. This was interesting because the ankle joint minutes and section angles calculated in old 2-D literature were based on utilizing a individual camera to therefore position the joint moving in merely the sagittal plane which can merely go on when the pess point forwards and so as the stance breadth increased so would the degrees of erroneous informations biomechanically from the mortise joint articulation ( Escamilla et al. , 2001 ) presuming topics have to turn their pess out. Potentially this means unless the stance was standardized to insulate sagittal motion in all literature so it is extremely likely to be inaccurate. The motion of the articulatio genuss relative to the mortise joints in the z-axis was besides studied in the Escamilla et Al ( 2001 ) paper and they found that the articulatio genuss translated frontward over the pess 21.7 AÂ ± 4.4 centimeter during the narrow stance, 18.0 AÂ ± 2.6 centimeter during the medium stance, and 16.0 AÂ ± 4.6 centimeter during the broad stance. It has been antecedently reported that increased frontward motion of the articulatio genuss during crouching causes shearing forces at the articulatio genus ( Ariel, 1974 ) . This besides highlights the importance of ankle dorsiflexion scope of gesture during crouching motions when using a broad or average stance, which was categorized by Escamilla et Al ( 2001 ) as 121-153 % shoulder width apart ( set broad stance breadth in! ) . In this survey the most important differences in joint minutes and minute weaponries were seen at the mortise joint articulation ( Escamilla et al. , 2001 ) and unsurprisingly the greatest differences occurred between the narrow and broad stances ( appendix 2 ) . The greatest mortise joint articulation minutes were seen at maximal knee flexure ( Escamilla et al. , 2001 ) which was in line with old literature where gastrocnemius activity besides peaked at this point ( Isear, Erickson, & A ; Worrell, 1997 ) in all chance antagonizing the mortise joint minutes. A recent survey, albeit looking at quality of motion steps and the sidelong measure down test, saw that topics with inhibited public presentation in these trials had limited ankle dorsiflexion ( RABIN & A ; KOZOL, 2010 ) and so compensations are likely to be happening elsewhere. McLaughlin et Al ( 1977 ) have recommended maintaining the shinbone every bit perpendicular as possible to restrict the possible articulatio genus shearing forces in the knee bend ( McLaughlin, Dillman, & A ; Lardner, 1977 ) and so a later survey by Fry et Al ( 2003 ) compared kinetic belongingss when articulatio genus anterior motion was restricted. The 7 topics were weight trained work forces who had all squatted on a regular basis earlier and each performed 3 knee bends both impeded and unimpeded with consequences demoing important differences in both hip and articulatio genus torsions under restricted articulatio genus conditions. The restricted knee bend produced greater torsion values at the hip compared to the articulatio genus and besides showed a more inclined bole and trunk every bit good as a more perpendicular shinbone ( Fry, Smith, & A ; Schilling, 2003 ) . The limitation ( figure 1 ) so causes a alteration in the hip minute arm, which is a necessary compensation to let the Centre of mass to remain over the base of support, the pess. This inordinate forward tilt is hence necessary when there is a limitation in anterior knee motion and significantly has besides been noted as a common mistake for novice lifters executing the barbell knee bend exercising ( Chandler & A ; Stone, 1991 ) . It has been seen that less skilled homesteaders tended to tilt frontward more, therefore making greater bole torsions ( McLaughlin et al. , 1977 ) but it has besides been seen that lumbar spinal column shearing forces are significantly increased in lifters exposing a outstanding forward tilt ( Russell & A ; Phillips, 1989 ) . It can be moderately assumed that the big hip torsions seen when anterior articulatio genus motion is restricted are transferred to the lumbar spinal column making a possible hurt site and hapless biomechanical modeling. Surveies have antecedently shown that the experts in crouching have superior kinematics due to a more vertical bole, less horizo ntal hip supplanting and superior dynamicss through less bole torsions than less experient lifters ( McCaw & A ; Melrose, 1999 ; McLaughlin et al. , 1977 ) . One cause for restricted anterior articulatio genus motion in knee bend could be gastrocnemius equinus forestalling dorsiflexion and this is a wholly under researched country. It has been researched in spastic and neurologically impaired persons but non every bit much in non-spastic populations as a cause of limited dorsiflexion. This stringency causes an inability to dorsiflex through the tibiotalar articulation and can besides take to other symptoms of the bow and mid pes ( DiGiovanni et al. , 2002 ) . Heel rises have been used by jocks to help in the gym based motion such as knee bend and Olympic raising fluctuations. A diminution board is such a device and this puts lesser demands on the mortise joint in dorsiflexion compared to normal floor based knee bends ( Frohm, Halvorsen, & A ; Thorstensson, 2007 ) . This has been postulated as a method for the intervention of tendinopathies at the patellar but this is when utilizing bizarre motions ( Frohm et al. , 2007 ) to make maximal force at the articulatio genus and non for general knee bend. One possible drawback with heel rises is that the when utilizing a heel raise the pes becomes more plantarflexed coupled with calcaneal inversion. This means that during crouching when tibial internal rotary motion is required it is hard to achieve whilst the pes is somewhat inversed and as the shinbone is already in a somewhat externally rotated place. Tibial external rotary motion has been implicated as one of the causes of dynamic articulatio genus valgus in the knee bend exercising ( Bell et al. , 2008 ) which is regarded as a important hazard factor in anterior cruciate ligament showing ( Chaudhari & A ; Andriacchi, 2006 ; Hewett et al. , 2005 ) . The median supplanting of the articulatio genus ( MKD ) is thought to be influenced by specific strength or flexibleness shortages in muscular structure at the hip and mortise joint ( Hirth & A ; Padua, 2007 ) such as stringency of sidelong gastrocnemius, soleus and peroneals which may add to tibal abduction and external rotary motion ( Bell et al. , 2008 ) . Once once more though, the research detailing the existent comparative parts of the mortise joint and hip is non seen. This is one country where clinicians may make up one's mind to utilize a heel rise to distinguish the cause of MKD between hip muscular structure and lower limb muscular structure when MKD is seen when utilizing a heel rise under the calcaneous when bilaterally crouching ( Bell et al. , 2008 ) . A surve y by Bell et Al ( 2008 ) looked at the lower limb causes of MKD and found that topics with inordinate MKD had 20 % less inactive mortise joint dorsiflexion scope of gesture with a flexed articulatio genus ( Bell et al. , 2008 ) . It should be noted that the topics in this survey were non wholly from athletic or physically active backgrounds with a significantly greater proportion ( n=30, men=7, women=30 ) being adult females. The presence of an increased articulatio genus valgus when decreased mortise joint dorsiflexion scope of gesture is present facilitates the demand for farther survey into this country as a showing tool for ACL hurt bar ( Fong, Blackburn, Norcross, McGrath, & A ; Padua, 2011 ) . Outside of crouching forms, jocks with limited mortise joint dorsiflexion have been seen to incur much greater extremum landing forces after dropping or jumping ( Blackburn & A ; Padua, 2008 ; Devita & A ; Skelly, 1992 ) which is coupled with much less articulatio genus and hip supplanting. Reduced ankle dorsiflexion scope of gesture was besides associated with patellar sinew tendinopathies ( P & lt ; 0.05 ) in volleyball participants due to the resulting limited calf bizarre contraction ability ( Malliaras, Cook, & A ; Kent, 2006 ) . Another similar status to patellar tendinopathy that has been implicated with limited mortise joint dorsiflexion is Morbud Osgood Schlatters ( MOS ) in athleticss active kids. This status is caused by grip apophysitis of the tibial tubercle caused by insistent strain and chronic avulsion of the secondary ossification Centre of the tibial tubercle ( EHRENBORG, 1962 ) although the exact description and causing is still debated. This insistent pulling gest ure comes from the quadriceps musculus during featuring activities ( Sarcevic, 2008 ) . Sarcevic ( 2008 ) theorized that limited mortise joint dorsiflexion caused compensatory actions such as increased articulatio genus flexure, tibial internal rotary motion and foot pronation during the stance stage of running ( Sarcevic, 2008 ) . In this paper 42 of the 45 topics had a dorsiflexion angle of less than 10Â ° and besides had clinical diagnosing of MOS. This is simply a theory though and farther research should concentrate on using a control group to compare and therefore make causal relationships. The importance of ankle dorsiflexion scope of gesture is non merely critical for crouching motions and set downing but besides for the bar of by and large enfeebling conditions such as plantarfasciitis. Plantarfasciitis is comparatively common in physically active and athletic populations ( Kibler, Goldberg, & A ; Chandler, 1991 ) and is by and large seen as redness of the facia on the sole of the pes giving anterior heel hurting. It has been seen that when ankle dorsiflexion is limited, inordinate pronation of the pes will happen to counterbalance, thereby increasing tensile tonss on the plantar aponeurosis ( Kibler et al. , 1991 ; WRIGHT & A ; RENNELS, 1964 ) . The hazard of plantartfasciitis additions as the scope of dorsiflexion lessenings and providentially those who spend a longer sum of clip on their pess are once more at a greater hazard ( Riddle, Pulisic, Pidcoe, & A ; Johnson, 2003 ) . One of the causes of a limited dorsiflexion may be the inability of the shinbone to posterior glide decently on the flexible joint like scree ( Denegar & A ; Miller, III, 2002 ) . Lots of research is available that highlights the effectivity of anterior to posterior mobilizations of the scree on the shinbone to increase ankle dorsiflexion scope of gesture ( Landrum, Kelln, Parente, Ingersoll, & A ; Hertel, 2008 ; van der Wees et al. , 2006 ; Vicenzino, Branjerdporn, Teys, & A ; Jordan, 2006 ) . This research was by and large performed on topics with chronic mortise joint sprain and or, instability. One of the theories postulated for the effectivity of the front tooth to posterior mobilization technique is the theory of the lockup of the scree, whereby the scree is subluxated anteriorly on the shinbone ( Mulligan B R. , 1999 ) and even though there is small published quantifiable grounds of this theory it is worthwhile cognition for the strength and conditioning manager who identifies a dorsiflexion restriction. In another paper topics who suffered recurrent mortise joint sprains and were so diagnosed with chronic mortise joint instability ( CAI ) had significantly less dorsiflexion compared to a control group when jogging ( Drewes, McKeon, Casey Kerrigan, & A ; Hertel, 2009 ) . This shortage was so postulated as a important hazard factor in jocks with CAI with recommendations to see a clinician proposed ( Drewes et al. , 2009 ) . It should besides be noted that during this survey used a 10 camera gesture analysis system intending a 3-D analysis was undertaken on topics.

Defining Leisure and Recreation Essay

Leisure is a general term and just like an umbrella, covers the terms, sport, recreation and play. Leisure is the overall term. Below is a diagram to help explain the relationship between leisure, recreation, sport and play: On the continuum between play, recreation and sport, there are a varied level of effort and seriousness. Play is a non-serious form of leisure and sport is very serious. Leisure can be very difficult to define. It is said to be the time spent outside of working commitments and other daily necessities. It can be spent doing anything that an individual would like to do. It is said to be called ‘free choice’. It is our ‘free time’ and is a complete opposite to work. There are many characteristics of leisure including your state of mind. Your state of mind is how you decide to spend your leisure time whether it is shopping or whether it is playing sport. Leisure may not always be relaxing but it has an aftermath of relaxation and a good feeling. Leisure may be active or passive depending on our state of mind. An example of a passive leisure activity is watching television. You are not active as you are only sat down watching television but it is a very popular leisure activity. An example of an active leisure activity is football. You are very active and you are running around. Leisure activities can also be home-based or away from home. An example of a home-based activity can be listening to music in the home and an example of an away from home activity could be going to the pub. Leisure is enjoyable and can be done anywhere. A quote from Collins Advanced Vocational textbook of Leisure and Recreation says, â€Å"Leisure can be defined as the time that an individual sets aside for activities or pastimes outside work or other necessities such as sleeping.† A-Z OF LEISURE ACTIVITIES ARTWORK NATURE SEEKING BIRDWATCHING ORIGAMI CAMPING PUB DANCING QUIZZES EXCURSIONS READING FAMILIES SHOPPING GARDENING TELE HOLIDAYS UNDERWATER ACTIVITIES INTERNET VISITS JOGGING WATERSPORTS KNITTING XYLOPHONE PLAYING LISTENING TO MUSIC YOUTH CLUBS MUSEUMS ZOOS All the above activities are activities that are done in our leisure time. They are taken out when we do not have work, or everyday duties like sleeping and eating. Recreation is also a free choice activity and is often active. It is more structured than leisure and is not usually done at home. Recreation implies enjoyment and the skill level does not matter. Recreation has a flexibility of rules and is very purposeful as it ‘re-creates the individual’ or ‘re-charges the batteries’ ready for work. Hobbies are usually productive with skill levels increasing with more practice. Recreation has a moral element and has a good attitude about it. Examples of recreation are swimming, stamp collecting and gardening. They are all ‘creating’ something, hence the word ‘recreation’. Swimming creates a stronger person, stamp collecting creates a larger stamp collection and gardening creates a nicer garden. Recreation is defined as, â€Å"the type of activities undertaken for enjoyment or relaxation during a person’s leisure time.† There are physical and passive recreational activities. Physical activities are playing sport, playing music instruments and gardening. Passive activities are watching television, listening to music and playing computer games. ‘Home-based’ recreational activities are cheaper, for example, reading library books is free and eating at home is much cheaper than eating out. It is also non-dependent on anyone else whereas going to a restaurant would involve other people. A quote from Kaplan in 1975, says, ‘Activity voluntarily engaged in during leisure and motivated by the personal satisfactions which result from it†¦a tool for mental and physical therapy.’ This is a very good quote to describe the definition ‘recreation’. Play can also be very hard to define as many people have different views on what play is. Although a major football team play football every Saturday, competitive football is actually counted as sport. An example of play is ‘tig’. ‘Tig’ is a game that can be played anywhere and does not have certain rules or boundaries. Play is very spontaneous and can be done on the spare of the moment. It can be played in the garden and is not competitive. It is make-believe and is often done to get away from the real world. There are no age boundaries and adults and children can play. Play is not very important and has a low level of skill. It is not compulsory and is a free choice what an individual decides to play. Playing does not have to be physical. An example of a non-physical game is playing cards. Whilst playing, no certain skills are being taught but people can learn new things whilst playing. Play can be defined as, ‘Activities from which you get immediate pleasure without ulterior motive.’ This quote was taken from There are many skills learnt by children through play such as physical skills like how to pass a ball properly in football. Other skills are cognitive skills, environmental, social and moral skills. An example for a cognitive skill is where you decide on a decision quick enough to react to it, for example, when an opponent comes towards you dribbling the ball, it is a cognitive skill that is used to decide whether you go and tackle them or not. An environmental skill is where you pick up from people what is the best way to care for the environment and the area around you. Social skills are how you learn to react around each other, how you learn to be friendly with one another and learn how to communicate in the appropriate manner, for example, a social skill learnt through play is shaking the opponent’s hand after a game. Moral skills are the way you act to other people and the manners use. For example if someone gives you something, you say ‘thank you’. You know it is morally correct to thank the person. This is an example of a moral skill. Play is the opposite of sport. Sport has many characteristics and can be defined as the most physical of leisure’s field of study’s. It can be very successful and competitive. Sport has a high level of skill and a high level of fitness. There are strict rules on and off the pitch. For example, on the pitch, one rule in football is that you are not allowed to tackle an opponent from behind. A rule off the pitch is that players are not allowed to take drugs. In sport, the outcomes are important as it may be for a league, cup or tournament. There are qualified officials that have an important role in the game. There are many people who play sport as a job, therefore, are professional sports players. In sport there are tangible rewards such as the F.A. Cup in football. Sport is formal as it has organised dates and times when sport is going to take place. There is a lot of effort put into sport and a lot of work is put into practising for the sport. For each sport, there is a National Governing Body just like the Football Association in football and the Sports players do still find it enjoyable as it is rewarding and fun to participate in. The word ‘sport’ stems from the Latin word, ‘disportare’ which means ‘to carry away’. Sport across the world is seen very serious and top sports players even put themselves through pain and emotion to succeed. A definition of sport is, ‘Any physical activity which has the character of play and which takes the form of a struggle with oneself or involves competition with others is a sport.’ This quote was taken from There are many factors that affect the participation of people in leisure and recreation activities. One of the most important factors are our peers. They can have a big influence on whether we do or do not participate. For example, if our friends really enjoy playing sport, you will be more influenced to take part also. But if our friends have the attitude that playing cricket is boring and we would be much better going to the cinema instead, you would be influenced in thinking the same. Other influences can be by your parents. If your parents are behind you in playing sport and buy you equipment and transport you, they will be influencing you into deciding to play sport. If you decide you would like to play football for your local team and need some football boots and your parents will not buy you them, you may decide not to play as you do not possess the equipment to play. A big influence on participation can be the opportunities you have around you. If the school you go to has a very good range of extra-curricular activities and has contacts with clubs in the area, you will be more influenced in taking part. If you have a higher opportunity to participate then there is a higher chance that you will participate. The area in which you live will influence you as well as there may be great facilities in the area or there may be none at all. A big influence in which activity we decide to participate in can be role models, such as Michael Owen in football, Steve Redgrave in rowing and Paula Radcliffe in running. These are all professional and very successful sports players that have a big influence on what sport we participate in. They are all very good at there own activities and our skill level can also influence us in our participation. For example if you know and feel you are good at an activity, you will want to take part in it more often that in an activity that you are not so good at. Some people have a lot of leisure time whereas other people have very little, this can also influence us on our participation as there may not be activities going on at the time you want to participate in. Our culture can also have a big influence on what activity we decide to take part in. For example, if your Granddad, Uncle and Dad all were good footballers, you may decide to take part in football, as it is a ‘family tradition’. Other influences in our participation can be our medical conditions and our disabilities. For example, a person in a wheelchair would not be able to play in the Premiership. A major influence on our participation in leisure activities is our wealth and our disposable income (our money we have left after we have paid for all our necessities), Many leisure activities cost money to participate in so if we do not have much money to append, this may affect our decision in what we do. There are many things that influence our participation such as our sex. Netball is seen as a women’s sport and men do not play. Although women play football, their status is nothing compared to men’s football. There are rules that say men and women cannot play football together from the age of 11. The lack of men’s netball teams and the lack of women’s football teams can influence our participation in certain leisure activities. Our level of fitness can also influence our choices as if we were very tall and very fit, we may decide to play a sport like basketball but if we had very strong arms, we may decide to choose to take part in rowing. Media can have a very big influence in our participation as it has a big influence in our lives. When you read the back pages of tabloid newspapers, you usually find that most of the pages are about football, because there is so much talk about football, you may be influenced in participating, just like if on the news, they say that it is bad to take part in basketball because you can hurt your ankles, you may be influenced in taking part in another sport. The marital status of an individual can also influence participation. If you are married with children, your leisure time will be reduced as you have more daily necessities like picking up the children and caring for them. Car ownership can have a major influence in participation also as if you have a car, it will be easier to access places that you cannot get to by public transport. As shown above, there are a great number of influences in participation, whether it is friends or medical conditions.

Love Versus Lust the Deconstructive Analysis Toward Ernest...

LOVE VERSUS LUST THE DECONSTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS TOWARD ERNEST HEMINGWAY’S NOVEL A FAREWELL TO ARMS Submitted to fulfill the final assignment of Mata Kuliah Kajian Sastra Inggris Mutakhir Magister Ilmu Susastra Universitas Diponegoro Nama : Tri Arie Bowo NIM : 13010212410012 MAGISTER ILMU SUSASTRA UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO SEMARANG 2013 LOVE VERSUS LUST THE DECONSTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS TOWARD ERNEST HEMISNGWAY’S NOVEL A FAREWELL TO ARMS Tri Arie Bowo Magister Ilmu Susastra Universitas Diponegoro Abstract Literature is an autonomous artwork. It can be interpreted from its own part. The relation of parts of a literature work creates meaning. The meaning obtained from relation of parts in literary work is unreliable. A†¦show more content†¦I thought she was very beautiful. Henry impression toward Catherine is not enough to justify his action toward Rinaldi. Catherine was the woman whom Rinaldi after. Rinaldi was the best friend of Henry but Henry betrayed Rinaldi just because of Catherine. It inferred that Henry’s impression toward Catherine was not just beauty but also something called love. Rinaldi’s love towards Catherine was deep. Rinaldi was willing to learn English because he wanted to get close to Catherine. Furthermore, Rinaldi would like to marry Catherine. Rinaldi’s love toward Catherine can be found as follows: I was very dusty and dirty and went up to m y room to wash. Rinaldi was sitting in the bed with a copy of Hugo’s English Grammar. He was dressed, wore his black boots, and his hair shone. Rinaldi: â€Å"I am now in love with Miss Barkley. I will take you to call. I will probably marry Miss Barkley.† Rinaldi: â€Å"I must make on Miss Barkley the impression of a man of sufficient wealth. You are my great and good friend and financial protector.† Quotation above expressed Rinaldi’s love toward Catherine and Rinaldi and Henry’s friendship. Rinaldi and Henry was the brother at arm. Henry was willing to lend his money to Rinaldi but he was not willing to give Catherine to Rinaldi. It was obvious that Catherine is the precious thing in Henry’s life; that precious thing is love. Henry was an atheist which means that he did not believe in God. Henry revealed